1.1機械拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)　　機械拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)是(shi)(shi)靠(kao)切削、材(cai)(cai)料(liao)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)塑性(xing)(xing)變形去掉(diao)被拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)后的(de)(de)(de)凸部(bu)而得到(dao)平滑面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，一般(ban)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)油石(shi)條、羊毛輪(lun)、砂(sha)紙等(deng)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)手工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)操作(zuo)(zuo)為主，特(te)殊零件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)如回(hui)轉體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)，可使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)轉臺等(deng)輔助工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)，表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)質量要(yao)求高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)可采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)超(chao)(chao)精研拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。超(chao)(chao)精研拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)是(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)特(te)制的(de)(de)(de)磨(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)(ju)，在(zai)(zai)含有磨(mo)(mo)(mo)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)研拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)液(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)，緊壓在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)被加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)，作(zuo)(zuo)高(gao)(gao)速旋轉運(yun)動(dong)(dong)。利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)該技術(shu)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)達(da)到(dao)Ra0.008μm的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)粗(cu)糙度(du)(du)，是(shi)(shi)各種(zhong)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)最高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)學(xue)鏡片模(mo)具(ju)(ju)常采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)這種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。　　1.2化(hua)學(xue)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)　　化(hua)學(xue)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)是(shi)(shi)讓材(cai)(cai)料(liao)在(zai)(zai)化(hua)學(xue)介(jie)(jie)質中(zhong)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)微(wei)觀(guan)凸出的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)較(jiao)(jiao)凹(ao)部(bu)分(fen)優先溶解(jie)，從而得到(dao)平滑面(mian)(mian)。這種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)優點是(shi)(shi)不(bu)需(xu)復雜設備，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)形狀復雜的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)同時(shi)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)很多工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，效(xiao)率(lv)高(gao)(gao)。化(hua)學(xue)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)核(he)心問題(ti)是(shi)(shi)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)配制。化(hua)學(xue)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)得到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)粗(cu)糙度(du)(du)一般(ban)為數10μm。　　1.3電解(jie)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電解(jie)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)基(ji)本原理(li)與化(hua)學(xue)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)相同，即靠(kao)選(xuan)擇性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)溶解(jie)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)微(wei)小(xiao)凸出部(bu)分(fen)，使(shi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)滑。與化(hua)學(xue)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)相比，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)消除陰極反(fan)應的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，效(xiao)果較(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)(hao)。電化(hua)學(xue)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)過(guo)程(cheng)分(fen)為兩步： (1)宏(hong)觀(guan)整(zheng)平：溶解(jie)產(chan)物向電解(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)擴散(san)，材(cai)(cai)料(liao)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)幾何粗(cu)糙下降，Ralμm。 (2)微(wei)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)平整(zheng)： 陽(yang)極極化(hua)，：表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)亮度(du)(du)提高(gao)(gao)，Ralμm。　　1.4超(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)波拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)　　將工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)放(fang)入磨(mo)(mo)(mo)料(liao)懸(xuan)浮(fu)液(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)并一起置于超(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)波場(chang)中(zhong)，依靠(kao)超(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)波的(de)(de)(de)振(zhen)蕩作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，使(shi)磨(mo)(mo)(mo)料(liao)在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)磨(mo)(mo)(mo)削拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)。超(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)波加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宏(hong)觀(guan)力(li)(li)小(xiao)，不(bu)會引起工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)變形，但工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)裝(zhuang)制作(zuo)(zuo)和(he)安裝(zhuang)較(jiao)(jiao)困難(nan)。超(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)波加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)與化(hua)學(xue)或電化(hua)學(xue)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)結合。在(zai)(zai)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)、電解(jie)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)，再施加(jia)(jia)(jia)超(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)波振(zhen)動(dong)(dong)攪拌溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)，使(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)溶解(jie)產(chan)物脫離(li)，表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)附近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)或電解(jie)質均勻(yun)；超(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)波在(zai)(zai)液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)空化(hua)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)還能夠(gou)抑制腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)過(guo)程(cheng)，利(li)于表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)亮化(hua)。　　1.5流體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)　　流體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)是(shi)(shi)依靠(kao)高(gao)(gao)速流動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)及其攜帶的(de)(de)(de)磨(mo)(mo)(mo)粒；中(zhong)刷工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)達(da)到(dao)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。常用(yong)(yong)(yong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)有：磨(mo)(mo)(mo)科噴射加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)噴射加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、流體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)研磨(mo)(mo)(mo)等(deng)。流體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)研磨(mo)(mo)(mo)是(shi)(shi)由液(ye)(ye)(ye)壓驅動(dong)(dong)，使(shi)攜帶磨(mo)(mo)(mo)粒的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)介(jie)(jie)質高(gao)(gao)速往復流過(guo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)。介(jie)(jie)質主要(yao)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)較(jiao)(jiao)低壓力(li)(li)下流過(guo)性(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊化(hua)合物(聚合物狀物質)并摻上(shang)磨(mo)(mo)(mo)料(liao)制咸，磨(mo)(mo)(mo)料(liao)可采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)碳(tan)化(hua)硅粉末。　　1.6磁研磨(mo)(mo)(mo)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)　　磁研磨(mo)(mo)(mo)拋(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)是(shi)(shi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)磁性(xing)(xing)磨(mo)(mo)(mo)料(liao)在(zai)(zai)磁場(chang)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)下形成磨(mo)(mo)(mo)料(liao)刷，對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)磨(mo)(mo)(mo)削加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。這種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)率(lv)高(gao)(gao)，質量好(hao)(hao)，加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)容易控制，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)好(hao)(hao)。采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)合適的(de)(de)(de)磨(mo)(mo)(mo)料(liao)，表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)粗(cu)糙度(du)(du)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)達(da)到(dao)Ra0.1μm。